DISO Network - VoID / Dublin Core description
type: Ontology
imports: ontology
description: A VoID and Dublin Core Terms description of DISO - the network of defence, intelligence and security ontologies - its subdomain clusters and its member ontologies.
version info: 1.0.0
issued: 2026-05-07

DISO
type: NamedIndividual
type: OntologyNetwork
title: DISO: Defence, Intelligence and Security Ontologies
description: DISO is a curated collection of publicly available OWL ontologies covering the domains of defence, intelligence and security, organised into subdomain clusters. It was assembled to support a defence, intelligence and security track for the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI).
abstract: The use of ontologies and knowledge graphs is becoming increasingly widespread in the defence and national security domain. Numerous ontologies have been developed through initiatives led by academia, industry, and government. Achieving interoperability across diverse defence and national security ontologies remains a major challenge due to the domain's breadth and specialisation. In this work, we analyse and document over 60 publicly available ontologies and introduce a new track for the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). This track comprises eight matching tasks, consensus alignments and a subset of manually-curated mappings. The consensus alignments are derived by aggregating the outputs of several state-of-the-art ontology alignment systems.
creator: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0260-0492
creator: 0000-0001-6724-899X
creator: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2736-6789
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-9393
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-4599
publisher: City St George's, University of London
issued: 2026-05-07
license: MIT
spdx license expression: MIT
version info: 1.0.0
subset: Agentic
subset: Ambient Intelligence
subset: Context Awareness
subset: Cyber Security
subset: Digital Twins
subset: Information Exchange
subset: Information Security
subset: Mid-level Ontologies
subset: Risk Management
subset: Robotics
subset: Situation Awareness
subset: Smart Environments
subset: Upper-level Ontologies

Agentic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies relating to agentic AI and (semantic) services.
subset: Semantic Markup for Web Services

Ambient Intelligence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Environments with electronic devices that are aware of and adapt to human presence, enhancing interaction through context-aware, interconnected systems.
subset: Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence

Context Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: A special case of situation awareness focused on individuals and their immediate context, supporting pervasive computing where services adapt to user context.
subset: Context-Driven Adaptation of Mobile Services
subset: mIO! Ontology Network (context for mobile environments)
subset: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications

Cyber Security
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Information security strictly within the digital domain: securing assets against digital threats. The largest cluster in DISO.
subset: MITRE ATT&CK
subset: Common Attack Pattern Enumerations and Classifications
subset: Common Platform Enumeration
subset: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
subset: Common Vulnerability Scoring System
subset: Common Weakness Enumeration
subset: Detection, Denial & Disruption Framework Empowering Network Defense
subset: Industrial Control Systems Advisory ontology
subset: ICS Security Knowledge Graph Ontology
subset: Insider Threat Indicator Ontology
subset: Ops (Operations) Ontology
subset: SNORT Network Intrusion Detection ontologies
subset: Structured Threat Information eXpression (2.1)
subset: Unified Cyber Ontology
subset: Unified Cybersecurity Ontology (Syed et al.)

Digital Twins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Digital representations of physical-world entities, environments or processes with two-way data flow between the physical and digital.
subset: Smart Applications REFerence ontology

Information Exchange
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that standardise data representations to facilitate the exchange and aggregation of data across diverse domains, organisations and systems.
subset: Information Exchange Standard (v5)
subset: Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model

Information Security
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Protecting information in all forms, physical and digital, around the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability.
subset: Corda Security Ontology
subset: Multi-dimensional Information Security Ontology
subset: Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation
subset: Security Assessment Ontology
subset: Security Ontology

Mid-level Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that bridge domain-specific ontologies and upper-level ontologies.
subset: Common Core Ontologies

Risk Management
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies relating to the identification, assessment and management of risk.
subset: IRIS Risk Core Ontology

Robotics
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for robotics and for robotic process automation.
subset: Core Ontology for Robotics and Automation
subset: Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation

Situation Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: The perception, comprehension and prediction of an environment, its elements and their meaning within dynamic task settings.
subset: Situation Awareness Core ontology
subset: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
subset: Situation Theory Ontology
subset: Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model

Smart Environments
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that model environments at different scales (cities, buildings, homes) with smart or intelligent aspects.
subset: Smart Buildings
subset: Smart Cities
subset: Smart Homes

Upper-level Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Abstract, general (foundational / top-level) ontologies whose concepts apply across domains to support broad semantic interoperability.
subset: Basic Formal Ontology
subset: Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
subset: DOLCE+DnS Ultralite
subset: General Formal Ontology
subset: General Formal Ontology for Biology
subset: gUFO: lightweight Unified Foundational Ontology
subset: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology

Smart Buildings
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart buildings.
subset: Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence
subset: Building Topology Ontology
subset: Brick (buildings ontology)
subset: Information Modelling Framework

Smart Cities
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart cities.
subset: OWL rendering of CityGML 3.0
subset: Smart City Ontology Framework

Smart Homes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart homes.
subset: Smart Home Environments Ontology (eCare@Home)
subset: ThinkHome Smart Home Ontology

Semantic Markup for Web Services
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: OWL-S
description: An OWL ontology for describing Semantic Web services, enabling automated discovery, invocation and composition.
bibliographic citation: David Martin (ed.), Mark Burstein, Jerry Hobbs, Ora Lassila, Drew McDermott, Sheila McIlraith, Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Bijan Parsia, Terry Payne, Evren Sirin, Naveen Srinivasan, Katia Sycara. OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services. W3C Member Submission, 22 November 2004. https://www.w3.org/submissions/2004/SUBM-OWL-S-20041122/
spdx license expression: Nokia AND LicenseRef-W3C-Document-License
data dump: owl-s.ttl
project page: http://www.daml.org/services/owl-s/
upstream source: Service.owl

Context-Driven Adaptation of Mobile Services
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CoDAMoS
description: An ontology modelling user, platform, environment and service for context-aware applications in pervasive computing.
bibliographic citation: Preuveneers, D., Van den Bergh, J., Wagelaar, D., Georges, A., Rigole, P., Clerckx, T., Berbers, Y., Coninx, K., Jonckers, V., De Bosschere, K. (2004). Towards an extensible context ontology for ambient intelligence. In European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI 2004), pp. 148–159. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30473-9_15
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
data dump: CoDAMoS.owl
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: CoDAMoS.owl

mIO! Ontology Network (context for mobile environments)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: mIO!
description: An ontology network representing user context for mobile environments: location, environment, services, devices and social information.
bibliographic citation: Poveda-Villalón, M., Suárez-Figueroa, M. C., García-Castro, R., and Gómez-Pérez, A. (2010). A Context Ontology for Mobile Environments. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Context, Information and Ontologies (CIAO 2010), co-located with EKAW 2010, Lisbon, Portugal. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 626. ISSN 1613-0073. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-626/regular3.pdf
spdx license expression: CC-BY-3.0
license: CC-BY-3.0
data dump: mIOmerged.ttl
project page: https://oeg.fi.upm.es/index.php/en/ontologies/82-mio-ontologies/index.html

MITRE ATT&CK
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: ATTACK
description: A knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques based on real-world observations.
bibliographic citation: Kabul Kurniawan, Andreas Ekelhart, Elmar Kiesling. "An ATT&CK-KG for Linking Cybersecurity Attacks to Adversary Tactics and Techniques." In ISWC 2021 Posters, Demos, and Industry Tracks, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2980, paper363. CEUR-WS.org, 2021. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2980/paper363.pdf
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-MITRE-ATTACK-ToU AND CC-BY-4.0
data dump: attack.ttl
project page: https://attack.mitre.org/
upstream source: ATTACK.ttl
mirror: ATTACK.ttl
mirror: attack.ttl

Common Attack Pattern Enumerations and Classifications
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CAPEC
description: A dictionary of known attack patterns used by adversaries to exploit weaknesses.
bibliographic citation: Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-MITRE-CAPEC-ToU AND CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT
data dump: capec.ttl
project page: https://capec.mitre.org/
upstream source: CAPEC.ttl
mirror: CAPEC.ttl
mirror: capec.ttl

Common Platform Enumeration
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CPE
description: A structured naming scheme for IT systems, software and packages.
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
spdx license expression: MIT AND LicenseRef-NIST-CPE-Dictionary-PD
data dump: cpe.ttl
project page: https://nvd.nist.gov/products/cpe
upstream source: CPE.ttl
mirror: CPE.ttl
mirror: cpe.ttl

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CVE
description: A catalogue of publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT AND LicenseRef-MITRE-CVE-Terms-of-Use
data dump: cve.ttl
project page: https://www.cve.org/
upstream source: CVE.ttl
mirror: cve.ttl

Common Vulnerability Scoring System
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CVSS
description: An open framework for rating the severity of security vulnerabilities.
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
spdx license expression: (CC-BY-4.0 OR MIT) AND LicenseRef-FIRST-CVSS-ToU
data dump: cvss.ttl
project page: https://www.first.org/cvss/
upstream source: CVSS.ttl
mirror: CVSS.ttl
mirror: cvss.ttl

Common Weakness Enumeration
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CWE
description: A community-developed list of common software and hardware weakness types.
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
spdx license expression: (MIT AND CC-BY-4.0) AND LicenseRef-MITRE-CWE-ToU
data dump: cwe.ttl
project page: https://cwe.mitre.org/
upstream source: CWE.ttl
mirror: cwe.ttl

Detection, Denial & Disruption Framework Empowering Network Defense
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: D3FEND
description: A knowledge graph of cybersecurity countermeasures (defensive techniques).
bibliographic citation: Kaloroumakis, P. E. and Smith, M. J. (2021). Toward a Knowledge Graph of Cybersecurity Countermeasures. Technical Report Case 20-2034. The MITRE Corporation, Annapolis Junction, MD. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Available: https://d3fend.mitre.org/resources/D3FEND.pdf (also indexed at DTIC accession AD1156977).
spdx license expression: MIT AND LicenseRef-MITRE-D3FEND-ToU
data dump: d3fend.ttl
project page: https://d3fend.mitre.org/
upstream source: d3fend.owl

Industrial Control Systems Advisory ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: ICSA
description: An ontology representing Industrial Control Systems security advisories.
bibliographic citation: Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: icsa.ttl
project page: https://github.com/sepses/ics-sec-kg
upstream source: ICSA.ttl
mirror: icsa.ttl

ICS Security Knowledge Graph Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: ICS-SEC-KG-ONTO
description: The ontology of the SEPSES Industrial Control Systems security knowledge graph, integrating several cyber-security vocabularies.
bibliographic citation: Kabul Kurniawan, Elmar Kiesling, Dietmar Winkler, Andreas Ekelhart. "The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems." In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
spdx license expression: MIT AND CC-BY-4.0
data dump: ics-sec-kg-onto.ttl
project page: https://github.com/sepses/ics-sec-kg
upstream source: integrated.ttl
mirror: ics-sec-kg-onto.ttl

Insider Threat Indicator Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: ITIO
description: An ontology of insider-threat indicators.
bibliographic citation: Costa, D., Albrethsen, M. J., Collins, M. L., Perl, S., Silowash, G., & Spooner, D. (2016). An Insider Threat Indicator Ontology. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2016-TR-007. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute.
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-CMU-SEI-Distribution-Statement-A
data dump: itio.owl
project page: https://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/an-insider-threat-indicator-ontology/
upstream source: 2016 005 112 465537.owl

Ops (Operations) Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: Ops
description: A cyber-security ontology focused on the operations domain.
bibliographic citation: Ops (Operations) Ontology — a community OWL ontology for interoperability between the software-development and operations domains; the upstream project bundles a MITRE ATT&CK module that is not present in the DISO-merged artefact. Source: github.com/CDSRV/ops-ontology. No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified.
spdx license expression: GPL-3.0-only AND CC-BY-4.0
data dump: ops-merged.ttl
project page: https://github.com/CDSRV/ops-ontology

SNORT Network Intrusion Detection ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SNORT
description: Ontologies describing the SNORT intrusion detection and prevention system, its rules and its alerts.
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: snortMerged.ttl
project page: https://www.snort.org/
upstream source: snort.ttl

Structured Threat Information eXpression (2.1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: STIX
description: An OWL representation of the OASIS STIX 2.1 cyber-threat-intelligence specification.
bibliographic citation: OASIS Cyber Threat Intelligence Technical Committee. STIX Version 2.1. Edited by Bret Jordan, Rich Piazza, and Trey Darley. OASIS Standard. 10 June 2021. https://docs.oasis-open.org/cti/stix/v2.1/os/stix-v2.1-os.html. (OWL binding: OASIS Threat Actor Context TC, tac-ontology, https://github.com/oasis-tcs/tac-ontology)
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-OASIS-IPR-Policy-Non-Assertion-Mode
data dump: stix-spec-merged.ttl
project page: https://github.com/oasis-tcs/tac-ontology
upstream source: stix-spec.owl

Unified Cyber Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: UCO_1
description: A community ontology providing a consistent foundation for representing information across the cyber-security domain (UCO Project).
bibliographic citation: Casey, E., Barnum, S., Griffith, R., Snyder, J., van Beek, H., and Nelson, A. (2018). The Evolution of Expressing and Exchanging Cyber-investigation Information in a Standardized Form. In: Biasiotti et al. (eds), Handling and Exchanging Electronic Evidence Across Europe. Springer. [Foundational CASE/UCO reference; UCO is a community project, github.com/ucoProject/UCO.]
spdx license expression: Apache-2.0 AND CC-BY-3.0
data dump: uco1-merge.ttl
project page: https://unifiedcyberontology.org/

Unified Cybersecurity Ontology (Syed et al.)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: UCO_2
description: A semantic ontology extending STIX with cyber-security standards (Syed et al.).
bibliographic citation: Zareen Syed, Ankur Padia, Tim Finin, Lisa Mathews, and Anupam Joshi. UCO: A Unified Cybersecurity Ontology. AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security (AICS), February 2016.
spdx license expression: CC-BY-SA-4.0
data dump: uco2.ttl
license: CC-BY-SA-4.0
project page: https://github.com/Ebiquity/Unified-Cybersecurity-Ontology
upstream source: uco2.ttl

Smart Applications REFerence ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SAREF
description: A suite of reference ontologies for semantic interoperability across IoT domains.
bibliographic citation: Daniele, L., den Hartog, F., and Roes, J. (2015). Created in Close Interaction with the Industry: The Smart Appliances REFerence (SAREF) Ontology. In: Cuel, R., Young, R. (eds) Formal Ontologies Meet Industry. FOMI 2015. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 225. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21545-7_9
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: saref.ttl
project page: https://saref.etsi.org/
upstream source: saref.ttl
mirror: saref.ttl

Information Exchange Standard (v5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: IES
description: The UK Government Information Exchange Standard for consistent, interoperable data exchange.
bibliographic citation: Ian Bailey, John Beverley, Helena Blackmore, Andreas Cola, Paul Cripps, Giacomo de Colle, Federico Donato, Amanda Hicks, David Limbaugh, Elena Milivinti, Chris Partridge, Rebecca Rafferty, Barry Smith. "Comparing Information Exchange Standard and Basic Formal Ontology Design Patterns." In: The Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO) — Episode XI, co-located with FOIS 2025, Catania, Italy, 8–12 September 2025. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 4176.
spdx license expression: MIT
license: MIT
data dump: ies-common.ttl
data dump: ies-core.ttl
data dump: ies-top.ttl
project page: https://github.com/IES-Org
upstream source: ies-common.ttl
mirror: ies-common.ttl

Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: JC3IEDM
description: A data model for the exchange of joint command, control and consultation information (military C2).
bibliographic citation: Matheus, C.J. & Ulicny, B. (2007). On the Automatic Generation of an OWL Ontology based on the Joint C3 Information Exchange Data Model. In Proceedings of the 12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), Newport, RI, USA.
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: JC3IEDM.owl
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/JC3IEDM/JC3IEDM3.0/JC3IEDM.owl

Corda Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CordaSecOnt
description: A security ontology classifying assets, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures for Corda applications.
bibliographic citation: Mubashar Iqbal and Raimundas Matulevičius, "Corda Security Ontology: Example of Post-Trade Matching and Confirmation", Baltic Journal of Modern Computing, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 638–674, 2020. DOI: 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.4.11
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT
data dump: CordaSecOnt-v2.owl
project page: https://github.com/mubashar-iqbal/corda-security-ontology
upstream source: CordaSecOnt.owl

Multi-dimensional Information Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: MDISOnt
description: A multi-dimensional information security ontology that decomposes security into dimensional views.
bibliographic citation: Meriah, I., Ben Arfa Rabai, L., & Khedri, R. (2025). Building a comprehensive and multi-dimensional information security ontology: elicitation process and OWL implementation. Knowledge and Information Systems, 67(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02308-y
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: MDISOnt.owl
license: CC-BY-4.0
project page: https://github.com/inesmeriah/MDISOnt
upstream source: MDISOnt.owl
mirror: MDISOnt.owl

Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: OntoSecRPA
description: A security ontology for Robotic Process Automation: assets, risks, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures.
bibliographic citation: Anastasiya Kurylets and Nikolaj Goranin, "Security Ontology OntoSecRPA for Robotic Process Automation Domain," Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 9, art. 5568, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/app13095568
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
redistribution status: withheld
project page: https://github.com/oleferovich/-OntoSecRPA
upstream source: OntoSecRPA 2.owx

Security Assessment Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SecAOnto
description: An ontology for security assessment, at the intersection of security and software assessment.
bibliographic citation: de Franco Rosa, F., Teixeira Junior, L.A.L., Bonacin, R., and Jino, M. (2020). SecAOnto: A Conceptual Model of Security Assessment. International Journal of Web Portals, 12(2), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWP.2020070104
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
redistribution status: withheld
project page: https://github.com/ferruciof/Files/tree/master/SecAOnto
upstream source: SecAOnto V4.owl

Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SO
description: A security ontology modelling assets, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures, with extension ontologies.
bibliographic citation: Herzog, A., Shahmehri, N., and Duma, C. (2007). An Ontology of Information Security. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP) 1(4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2007100101
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
data dump: SOmerged.ttl
project page: https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/adit/security/projects/secont/
upstream source: Security.owl

Common Core Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CCO
description: A suite of mid-level ontologies extending BFO with terms common across domains.
bibliographic citation: Mark Jensen, Giacomo De Colle, Sean Kindya, Cameron More, Alexander P. Cox, and John Beverley. "The Common Core Ontologies." In Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference (FOIS 2024), Volume 394, pp. 47–58. IOS Press, 2024. DOI: 10.3233/FAIA241292
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause AND CC-BY-4.0
data dump: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl
project page: https://github.com/CommonCoreOntology/CommonCoreOntologies
upstream source: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl
mirror: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl

IRIS Risk Core Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: IRIS
description: A core ontology of terms and relationships for risk identification and assessment.
bibliographic citation: Georgios Meditskos, Nick Bassiliades, Dimitris Vrakas, and Ioannis Vlahavas. 2012. IRISPortal: a semantic portal for industrial risk cases management. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS '12), Article 28, 1–8. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254164
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
data dump: iris.owl
license: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: iris.owl

Core Ontology for Robotics and Automation
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CORA
description: The IEEE 1872-2015 core ontology for robotics and automation.
bibliographic citation: Prestes, E., Carbonera, J. L., Fiorini, S. R., Jorge, V. A. M., Abel, M., Madhavan, R., Locoro, A., Gonçalves, P. J. S., Barreto, M. E., Habib, M. K., Chibani, A., Gérard, S., Amirat, Y., and Schlenoff, C. I. (2013). Towards a core ontology for robotics and automation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 61(11), 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.005
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: cora-merged.ttl
project page: https://github.com/srfiorini/IEEE1872-owl
upstream source: cora.owl
mirror: cora.owl

Situation Awareness Core ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SAWCore
description: A domain-independent upper ontology for situation awareness.
bibliographic citation: Matheus, C. J., Kokar, M. M., & Baclawski, K. (2003). A core ontology for situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2003), pp. 545–552.
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: SAWCore.owl
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/SAWCore/
upstream source: SAWCore.owl
mirror: SAWCore.owl

Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SOUPA
description: A standard ontology for ubiquitous and pervasive applications: agents, time, space, events and policies.
bibliographic citation: Harry Chen, Filip Perich, Tim Finin, Anupam Joshi. "SOUPA: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications." Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (MobiQuitous 2004), IEEE, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBIQ.2004.1331732
spdx license expression: CC-BY-1.0
license: CC-BY-1.0
data dump: soupa-merged.ttl
project page: https://cobra.umbc.edu/ontologies.html

Situation Theory Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: STO
description: An OWL formalisation of situation theory for situation awareness.
bibliographic citation: Kokar, M. M., Matheus, C. J., and Baclawski, K. (2009). Ontology-based situation awareness. Information Fusion, 10(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2007.01.004
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: STO.owl
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/STO/STO.owl
upstream source: STO.owl
mirror: STO.owl

Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: BOnSAI
description: A smart-building ontology for ambient intelligence, extending OWL-S and CoDAMoS.
bibliographic citation: Thanos G. Stavropoulos, Dimitris Vrakas, Danai Vlachava, and Nick Bassiliades. 2012. BOnSAI: a smart building ontology for ambient intelligence. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS '12), Article 30, 1–12. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254166
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
data dump: bonsaiMerged.ttl
license: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: BOnSAI.owl

Building Topology Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: BOT
description: A minimal ontology for describing the core topological concepts of a building.
bibliographic citation: Rasmussen, M. H., Lefrançois, M., Schneider, G. F., & Pauwels, P. (2021). BOT: the Building Topology Ontology of the W3C Linked Building Data Group. Semantic Web, 12(1), 143–161. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200385
spdx license expression: CC-BY-1.0
license: CC-BY-1.0
data dump: bot.ttl
project page: https://github.com/w3c-lbd-cg/bot
upstream source: bot.ttl
mirror: bot.ttl

Brick (buildings ontology)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: BRICK
description: An open ontology standardising semantic descriptions of building assets and their relationships.
bibliographic citation: Balaji, B., Bhattacharya, A., Fierro, G., Gao, J., Gluck, J., Hong, D., Johansen, A., Koh, J., Ploennigs, J., Agarwal, Y., Bergés, M., Culler, D., Gupta, R. K., Kjærgaard, M. B., Srivastava, M., and Whitehouse, K. (2018). Brick: Metadata schema for portable smart building applications. Applied Energy, 226, 1273–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.091
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause AND CC-BY-4.0
data dump: Brick+imports.ttl
project page: https://github.com/BrickSchema/Brick
upstream source: Brick+imports.ttl
mirror: Brick+imports.ttl

Information Modelling Framework
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: IMF
description: An ontology for modelling facility assets across the design, construction and operation of industrial facilities.
bibliographic citation: Information Modelling Framework (IMF) — an industry ontology/framework for facility asset modelling. Source: ns.imfid.org / github.com/imf-lab (IMF Manual). No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified.
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
redistribution status: withheld
project page: https://github.com/imf-lab/imf-ontology-semweb
upstream source: imf-ontology.owl.ttl

OWL rendering of CityGML 3.0
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: CityOWL
description: An OWL rendering of the CityGML 3.0 model as a network of ontologies.
bibliographic citation: Vinasco-Alvarez, D., Samuel, J., Servigne, S., and Gesquiere, G. (2024). Towards an Automated Transformation of an nD Urban Data Model to a Computational Ontology Network: From UML to OWL, From CityGML 3.0 to CityOWL. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, X-4/W4-2024, pp. 231-238. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W4-2024-231-2024
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND LicenseRef-OGC-Document-License
data dump: CityOWLmerged.ttl
project page: https://dataset-dl.liris.cnrs.fr/rdf-owl-urban-data-ontologies/Ontologies/Readme.html
upstream source: CityOWL.ttl

Smart City Ontology Framework
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SMOF
description: A hierarchical ontology framework for integrating urban (smart-city) data across domains.
bibliographic citation: He, X.; Kuai, X.; Li, X.; Qiu, Z.; He, B.; Guo, R. Smart City Ontology Framework for Urban Data Integration and Application. Smart Cities 2025, 8(5), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8050165
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: SMOF.ttl
project page: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SMOF_IJGIS_/24996683

Smart Home Environments Ontology (eCare@Home)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SmartEnv
description: A smart-home environment ontology network (eCare@Home) covering time, geometry, events, sensing, situation and place.
bibliographic citation: Alirezaie, M., Hammar, K., Blomqvist, E., Nyström, M., and Ivanova, V. (2018). SmartEnv Ontology in E-care@home. In SSN 2018 — 9th Int. Semantic Sensor Networks Workshop (ISWC 2018), vol. 2213, pp. 72–79.
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
data dump: SmartEnvMerged.ttl
project page: http://ecareathome-ontology.mpi.aass.oru.se/
upstream source: smartenv.owl

ThinkHome Smart Home Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: ThinkHome
description: A smart-home ontology for home control and energy efficiency.
bibliographic citation: Christian Reinisch, Mario J. Kofler, Félix Iglesias, Wolfgang Kastner. "ThinkHome Energy Efficiency in Future Smart Homes." EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, vol. 2011, Article ID 104617, 18 pp., 2011. DOI: 10.1155/2011/104617.
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: ThinkHomeMerged.ttl
project page: https://www.auto.tuwien.ac.at/downloads/thinkhome/

Basic Formal Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: BFO
description: A small upper-level ontology built around the continuant/occurrent distinction; an ISO/IEC 21838-2 standard.
bibliographic citation: Otte, J.N., Beverley, J., and Ruttenberg, A. (2022). BFO: Basic Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220262
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: bfo-core.owl
project page: https://github.com/bfo-ontology/BFO-2020
upstream source: bfo-core.owl
mirror: bfo-core.owl

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: DOLCE
description: A foundational ontology capturing core cognitive and linguistic categories of common-sense knowledge.
bibliographic citation: Borgo, S., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Porello, D., Sanfilippo, E. M., & Vieu, L. (2022). DOLCE: A descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering. Applied Ontology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-210259
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: DOLCEbasic.owl
project page: https://github.com/appliedontolab/DOLCE
upstream source: DOLCEbasic.owl
mirror: DOLCEbasic.owl

DOLCE+DnS Ultralite
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: DUL
description: A lightweight simplification of parts of the DOLCE foundational ontology.
bibliographic citation: Presutti, V. & Gangemi, A. (2016). Dolce+D&S Ultralite and its main ontology design patterns. In Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns: Foundations and Applications (Studies on the Semantic Web, vol. 25, pp. 81–103). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-81
spdx license expression: CC-BY-SA-3.0
data dump: DUL.owl
license: CC-BY-SA-3.0
project page: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
upstream source: DUL.owl

General Formal Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: GFO
description: A general formal (upper-level) ontology of objects, processes, time, space, properties and relations.
bibliographic citation: Loebe, F., Burek, P., & Herre, H. (2022). GFO: The General Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 71–106. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220264
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: gfo.owl
project page: https://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo
upstream source: gfo.owl
mirror: gfo.owl

General Formal Ontology for Biology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: GFO-Bio
description: A biological core ontology grounded in the GFO upper-level ontology.
bibliographic citation: Hoehndorf, R., Loebe, F., Poli, R., Herre, H., & Kelso, J. (2008). GFO-Bio: A biological core ontology. Applied Ontology, 3(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-2008-0055
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: gfo-bio-merged.ttl
project page: https://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo-bio

gUFO: lightweight Unified Foundational Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: gUFO
description: A lightweight OWL 2 implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO).
bibliographic citation: João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi, Tiago Prince Sales, Ricardo A. Falbo. "gUFO: A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)". Version 1.0.0, 2019. Available: http://purl.org/nemo/doc/gufo. (A 2026 arXiv preprint expanding this work: Almeida et al., "gUFO: A Gentle Foundational Ontology for Semantic Web Knowledge Graphs", arXiv:2603.20948, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.20948)
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: gufo.ttl
project page: https://nemo-ufes.github.io/gufo/
upstream source: gufo.ttl
mirror: gufo.ttl

Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
label: SUMO
description: The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology: a large formal upper ontology with linked domain ontologies.
bibliographic citation: Ian Niles and Adam Pease. 'Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.' In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2001), Ogunquit, Maine, USA, October 17–19, 2001. ACM. DOI: 10.1145/505168.505170.
spdx license expression: GPL-3.0-only AND LicenseRef-IEEE-SUMO-License
data dump: SUMO.owl
project page: https://www.ontologyportal.org/
upstream source: SUMO.owl
mirror: SUMO.owl