DISO Network - VoID / Dublin Core description
type: Ontology
imports: ontology
description: A VoID and Dublin Core Terms description of DISO - the network of defence, intelligence and security ontologies - its subdomain clusters and its member ontologies.
issued: 2026-05-07
version info: 1.0.0

Agentic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies relating to agentic AI and (semantic) services.
subset: Semantic Markup for Web Services

Ambient Intelligence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Environments with electronic devices that are aware of and adapt to human presence, enhancing interaction through context-aware, interconnected systems.
subset: Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence

Context Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: A special case of situation awareness focused on individuals and their immediate context, supporting pervasive computing where services adapt to user context.
subset: Context-Driven Adaptation of Mobile Services
subset: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
subset: mIO! Ontology Network (context for mobile environments)

Cyber Security
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Information security strictly within the digital domain: securing assets against digital threats. The largest cluster in DISO.
subset: MITRE ATT&CK
subset: Common Attack Pattern Enumerations and Classifications
subset: Common Platform Enumeration
subset: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
subset: Common Vulnerability Scoring System
subset: Common Weakness Enumeration
subset: Detection, Denial & Disruption Framework Empowering Network Defense
subset: ICS Security Knowledge Graph Ontology
subset: Industrial Control Systems Advisory ontology
subset: Insider Threat Indicator Ontology
subset: Ops (Operations) Ontology
subset: SNORT Network Intrusion Detection ontologies
subset: Structured Threat Information eXpression (2.1)
subset: Unified Cyber Ontology
subset: Unified Cybersecurity Ontology (Syed et al.)

Digital Twins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Digital representations of physical-world entities, environments or processes with two-way data flow between the physical and digital.
subset: Smart Applications REFerence ontology

Information Exchange
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that standardise data representations to facilitate the exchange and aggregation of data across diverse domains, organisations and systems.
subset: Information Exchange Standard (v5)
subset: Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model

Information Security
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Protecting information in all forms, physical and digital, around the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability.
subset: Corda Security Ontology
subset: Multi-dimensional Information Security Ontology
subset: Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation
subset: Security Ontology
subset: Security Assessment Ontology

Mid-level Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that bridge domain-specific ontologies and upper-level ontologies.
subset: Common Core Ontologies

Risk Management
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies relating to the identification, assessment and management of risk.
subset: IRIS Risk Core Ontology

Robotics
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for robotics and for robotic process automation.
subset: Core Ontology for Robotics and Automation
subset: Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation

Situation Awareness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: The perception, comprehension and prediction of an environment, its elements and their meaning within dynamic task settings.
subset: Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model
subset: Situation Awareness Core ontology
subset: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
subset: Situation Theory Ontology

Smart Buildings
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart buildings.
subset: Building Topology Ontology
subset: Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence
subset: Brick (buildings ontology)
subset: Information Modelling Framework

Smart Cities
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart cities.
subset: OWL rendering of CityGML 3.0
subset: Smart City Ontology Framework

Smart Environments
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies that model environments at different scales (cities, buildings, homes) with smart or intelligent aspects.
subset: Smart Buildings
subset: Smart Cities
subset: Smart Homes

Smart Homes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Ontologies for smart homes.
subset: Smart Home Environments Ontology (eCare@Home)
subset: ThinkHome Smart Home Ontology

Upper-level Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cluster
description: Abstract, general (foundational / top-level) ontologies whose concepts apply across domains to support broad semantic interoperability.
subset: Basic Formal Ontology
subset: Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
subset: DOLCE+DnS Ultralite
subset: General Formal Ontology
subset: General Formal Ontology for Biology
subset: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
subset: gUFO: lightweight Unified Foundational Ontology

DISO: Defence, Intelligence and Security Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: OntologyNetwork
spdx license expression: MIT
abstract: The use of ontologies and knowledge graphs is becoming increasingly widespread in the defence and national security domain. Numerous ontologies have been developed through initiatives led by academia, industry, and government. Achieving interoperability across diverse defence and national security ontologies remains a major challenge due to the domain's breadth and specialisation. In this work, we analyse and document over 60 publicly available ontologies and introduce a new track for the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI). This track comprises eight matching tasks, consensus alignments and a subset of manually-curated mappings. The consensus alignments are derived by aggregating the outputs of several state-of-the-art ontology alignment systems.
creator: 0000-0001-6724-899X
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-9393
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-4599
creator: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2736-6789
creator: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0260-0492
description: DISO is a curated collection of publicly available OWL ontologies covering the domains of defence, intelligence and security, organised into subdomain clusters. It was assembled to support a defence, intelligence and security track for the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI).
issued: 2026-05-07
license: MIT
publisher: City St George's, University of London
subset: Agentic
subset: Ambient Intelligence
subset: Context Awareness
subset: Cyber Security
subset: Digital Twins
subset: Information Exchange
subset: Information Security
subset: Mid-level Ontologies
subset: Risk Management
subset: Robotics
subset: Situation Awareness
subset: Smart Environments
subset: Upper-level Ontologies
label: DISO
version info: 1.0.0

MITRE ATT&CK
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-MITRE-ATTACK-ToU AND CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Kabul Kurniawan, Andreas Ekelhart, Elmar Kiesling. "An ATT&CK-KG for Linking Cybersecurity Attacks to Adversary Tactics and Techniques." In ISWC 2021 Posters, Demos, and Industry Tracks, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2980, paper363. CEUR-WS.org, 2021. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2980/paper363.pdf
description: A knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques based on real-world observations.
data dump: attack.ttl
label: ATTACK
mirror: attack.ttl
mirror: ATTACK.ttl
project page: https://attack.mitre.org/
upstream source: ATTACK.ttl

Basic Formal Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Otte, J.N., Beverley, J., and Ruttenberg, A. (2022). BFO: Basic Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220262
description: A small upper-level ontology built around the continuant/occurrent distinction; an ISO/IEC 21838-2 standard.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: bfo-core.owl
label: BFO
mirror: bfo-core.owl
project page: https://github.com/bfo-ontology/BFO-2020
upstream source: bfo-core.owl

Building Topology Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-1.0
bibliographic citation: Rasmussen, M. H., Lefrançois, M., Schneider, G. F., & Pauwels, P. (2021). BOT: the Building Topology Ontology of the W3C Linked Building Data Group. Semantic Web, 12(1), 143–161. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200385
description: A minimal ontology for describing the core topological concepts of a building.
license: CC-BY-1.0
data dump: bot.ttl
label: BOT
mirror: bot.ttl
project page: https://github.com/w3c-lbd-cg/bot
upstream source: bot.ttl

Smart Building Ontology for Ambient Intelligence
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
bibliographic citation: Thanos G. Stavropoulos, Dimitris Vrakas, Danai Vlachava, and Nick Bassiliades. 2012. BOnSAI: a smart building ontology for ambient intelligence. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS '12), Article 30, 1–12. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254166
description: A smart-building ontology for ambient intelligence, extending OWL-S and CoDAMoS.
license: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
data dump: bonsaiMerged.ttl
label: BOnSAI
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: BOnSAI.owl

Brick (buildings ontology)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause AND CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Balaji, B., Bhattacharya, A., Fierro, G., Gao, J., Gluck, J., Hong, D., Johansen, A., Koh, J., Ploennigs, J., Agarwal, Y., Bergés, M., Culler, D., Gupta, R. K., Kjærgaard, M. B., Srivastava, M., and Whitehouse, K. (2018). Brick: Metadata schema for portable smart building applications. Applied Energy, 226, 1273–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.091
description: An open ontology standardising semantic descriptions of building assets and their relationships.
data dump: Brick+imports.ttl
label: BRICK
mirror: Brick+imports.ttl
project page: https://github.com/BrickSchema/Brick
upstream source: Brick+imports.ttl

Common Attack Pattern Enumerations and Classifications
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-MITRE-CAPEC-ToU AND CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT
bibliographic citation: Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
description: A dictionary of known attack patterns used by adversaries to exploit weaknesses.
data dump: capec.ttl
label: CAPEC
mirror: capec.ttl
mirror: CAPEC.ttl
project page: https://capec.mitre.org/
upstream source: CAPEC.ttl

Common Core Ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause AND CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Mark Jensen, Giacomo De Colle, Sean Kindya, Cameron More, Alexander P. Cox, and John Beverley. "The Common Core Ontologies." In Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference (FOIS 2024), Volume 394, pp. 47–58. IOS Press, 2024. DOI: 10.3233/FAIA241292
description: A suite of mid-level ontologies extending BFO with terms common across domains.
data dump: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl
label: CCO
mirror: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl
project page: https://github.com/CommonCoreOntology/CommonCoreOntologies
upstream source: CommonCoreOntologiesMerged.ttl

Core Ontology for Robotics and Automation
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Prestes, E., Carbonera, J. L., Fiorini, S. R., Jorge, V. A. M., Abel, M., Madhavan, R., Locoro, A., Gonçalves, P. J. S., Barreto, M. E., Habib, M. K., Chibani, A., Gérard, S., Amirat, Y., and Schlenoff, C. I. (2013). Towards a core ontology for robotics and automation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 61(11), 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.005
description: The IEEE 1872-2015 core ontology for robotics and automation.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: cora-merged.ttl
label: CORA
mirror: cora.owl
project page: https://github.com/srfiorini/IEEE1872-owl
upstream source: cora.owl

Common Platform Enumeration
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: MIT AND LicenseRef-NIST-CPE-Dictionary-PD
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
description: A structured naming scheme for IT systems, software and packages.
data dump: cpe.ttl
label: CPE
mirror: cpe.ttl
mirror: CPE.ttl
project page: https://nvd.nist.gov/products/cpe
upstream source: CPE.ttl

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT AND LicenseRef-MITRE-CVE-Terms-of-Use
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
description: A catalogue of publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
data dump: cve.ttl
label: CVE
mirror: cve.ttl
project page: https://www.cve.org/
upstream source: CVE.ttl

Common Vulnerability Scoring System
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: (CC-BY-4.0 OR MIT) AND LicenseRef-FIRST-CVSS-ToU
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
description: An open framework for rating the severity of security vulnerabilities.
data dump: cvss.ttl
label: CVSS
mirror: cvss.ttl
mirror: CVSS.ttl
project page: https://www.first.org/cvss/
upstream source: CVSS.ttl

Common Weakness Enumeration
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: (MIT AND CC-BY-4.0) AND LicenseRef-MITRE-CWE-ToU
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
description: A community-developed list of common software and hardware weakness types.
data dump: cwe.ttl
label: CWE
mirror: cwe.ttl
project page: https://cwe.mitre.org/
upstream source: CWE.ttl

OWL rendering of CityGML 3.0
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND LicenseRef-OGC-Document-License
bibliographic citation: Vinasco-Alvarez, D., Samuel, J., Servigne, S., and Gesquiere, G. (2024). Towards an Automated Transformation of an nD Urban Data Model to a Computational Ontology Network: From UML to OWL, From CityGML 3.0 to CityOWL. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, X-4/W4-2024, pp. 231-238. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W4-2024-231-2024
description: An OWL rendering of the CityGML 3.0 model as a network of ontologies.
data dump: CityOWLmerged.ttl
label: CityOWL
project page: https://dataset-dl.liris.cnrs.fr/rdf-owl-urban-data-ontologies/Ontologies/Readme.html
upstream source: CityOWL.ttl

Context-Driven Adaptation of Mobile Services
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
bibliographic citation: Preuveneers, D., Van den Bergh, J., Wagelaar, D., Georges, A., Rigole, P., Clerckx, T., Berbers, Y., Coninx, K., Jonckers, V., De Bosschere, K. (2004). Towards an extensible context ontology for ambient intelligence. In European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI 2004), pp. 148–159. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30473-9_15
description: An ontology modelling user, platform, environment and service for context-aware applications in pervasive computing.
data dump: CoDAMoS.owl
label: CoDAMoS
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: CoDAMoS.owl

Corda Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0 AND MIT
bibliographic citation: Mubashar Iqbal and Raimundas Matulevičius, "Corda Security Ontology: Example of Post-Trade Matching and Confirmation", Baltic Journal of Modern Computing, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 638–674, 2020. DOI: 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.4.11
description: A security ontology classifying assets, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures for Corda applications.
data dump: CordaSecOnt-v2.owl
label: CordaSecOnt
project page: https://github.com/mubashar-iqbal/corda-security-ontology
upstream source: CordaSecOnt.owl

Detection, Denial & Disruption Framework Empowering Network Defense
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: MIT AND LicenseRef-MITRE-D3FEND-ToU
bibliographic citation: Kaloroumakis, P. E. and Smith, M. J. (2021). Toward a Knowledge Graph of Cybersecurity Countermeasures. Technical Report Case 20-2034. The MITRE Corporation, Annapolis Junction, MD. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Available: https://d3fend.mitre.org/resources/D3FEND.pdf (also indexed at DTIC accession AD1156977).
description: A knowledge graph of cybersecurity countermeasures (defensive techniques).
data dump: d3fend.ttl
label: D3FEND
project page: https://d3fend.mitre.org/
upstream source: d3fend.owl

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Borgo, S., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Porello, D., Sanfilippo, E. M., & Vieu, L. (2022). DOLCE: A descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering. Applied Ontology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-210259
description: A foundational ontology capturing core cognitive and linguistic categories of common-sense knowledge.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: DOLCEbasic.owl
label: DOLCE
mirror: DOLCEbasic.owl
project page: https://github.com/appliedontolab/DOLCE
upstream source: DOLCEbasic.owl

DOLCE+DnS Ultralite
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-SA-3.0
bibliographic citation: Presutti, V. & Gangemi, A. (2016). Dolce+D&S Ultralite and its main ontology design patterns. In Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns: Foundations and Applications (Studies on the Semantic Web, vol. 25, pp. 81–103). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-81
description: A lightweight simplification of parts of the DOLCE foundational ontology.
license: CC-BY-SA-3.0
data dump: DUL.owl
label: DUL
project page: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl
upstream source: DUL.owl

General Formal Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
bibliographic citation: Loebe, F., Burek, P., & Herre, H. (2022). GFO: The General Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 71–106. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220264
description: A general formal (upper-level) ontology of objects, processes, time, space, properties and relations.
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: gfo.owl
label: GFO
mirror: gfo.owl
project page: https://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo
upstream source: gfo.owl

General Formal Ontology for Biology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
bibliographic citation: Hoehndorf, R., Loebe, F., Poli, R., Herre, H., & Kelso, J. (2008). GFO-Bio: A biological core ontology. Applied Ontology, 3(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-2008-0055
description: A biological core ontology grounded in the GFO upper-level ontology.
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: gfo-bio-merged.ttl
label: GFO-Bio
project page: https://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo-bio

ICS Security Knowledge Graph Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: MIT AND CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Kabul Kurniawan, Elmar Kiesling, Dietmar Winkler, Andreas Ekelhart. "The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems." In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
description: The ontology of the SEPSES Industrial Control Systems security knowledge graph, integrating several cyber-security vocabularies.
data dump: ics-sec-kg-onto.ttl
label: ICS-SEC-KG-ONTO
mirror: ics-sec-kg-onto.ttl
project page: https://github.com/sepses/ics-sec-kg
upstream source: integrated.ttl

Industrial Control Systems Advisory ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9
description: An ontology representing Industrial Control Systems security advisories.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: icsa.ttl
label: ICSA
mirror: icsa.ttl
project page: https://github.com/sepses/ics-sec-kg
upstream source: ICSA.ttl

Information Exchange Standard (v5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: MIT
bibliographic citation: Ian Bailey, John Beverley, Helena Blackmore, Andreas Cola, Paul Cripps, Giacomo de Colle, Federico Donato, Amanda Hicks, David Limbaugh, Elena Milivinti, Chris Partridge, Rebecca Rafferty, Barry Smith. "Comparing Information Exchange Standard and Basic Formal Ontology Design Patterns." In: The Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO) — Episode XI, co-located with FOIS 2025, Catania, Italy, 8–12 September 2025. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 4176.
description: The UK Government Information Exchange Standard for consistent, interoperable data exchange.
license: MIT
data dump: ies-common.ttl
data dump: ies-core.ttl
data dump: ies-top.ttl
label: IES
mirror: ies-common.ttl
project page: https://github.com/IES-Org
upstream source: ies-common.ttl

Information Modelling Framework
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
redistribution status: withheld
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
bibliographic citation: Information Modelling Framework (IMF) — an industry ontology/framework for facility asset modelling. Source: ns.imfid.org / github.com/imf-lab (IMF Manual). No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified.
description: An ontology for modelling facility assets across the design, construction and operation of industrial facilities.
label: IMF
project page: https://github.com/imf-lab/imf-ontology-semweb
upstream source: imf-ontology.owl.ttl

IRIS Risk Core Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
bibliographic citation: Georgios Meditskos, Nick Bassiliades, Dimitris Vrakas, and Ioannis Vlahavas. 2012. IRISPortal: a semantic portal for industrial risk cases management. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS '12), Article 28, 1–8. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254164
description: A core ontology of terms and relationships for risk identification and assessment.
license: CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0
data dump: iris.owl
label: IRIS
project page: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html
upstream source: iris.owl

Insider Threat Indicator Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-CMU-SEI-Distribution-Statement-A
bibliographic citation: Costa, D., Albrethsen, M. J., Collins, M. L., Perl, S., Silowash, G., & Spooner, D. (2016). An Insider Threat Indicator Ontology. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2016-TR-007. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute.
description: An ontology of insider-threat indicators.
data dump: itio.owl
label: ITIO
project page: https://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/an-insider-threat-indicator-ontology/
upstream source: 2016 005 112 465537.owl

Joint Consultation, Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
bibliographic citation: Matheus, C.J. & Ulicny, B. (2007). On the Automatic Generation of an OWL Ontology based on the Joint C3 Information Exchange Data Model. In Proceedings of the 12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), Newport, RI, USA.
description: A data model for the exchange of joint command, control and consultation information (military C2).
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: JC3IEDM.owl
label: JC3IEDM
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/JC3IEDM/JC3IEDM3.0/JC3IEDM.owl

Multi-dimensional Information Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Meriah, I., Ben Arfa Rabai, L., & Khedri, R. (2025). Building a comprehensive and multi-dimensional information security ontology: elicitation process and OWL implementation. Knowledge and Information Systems, 67(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02308-y
description: A multi-dimensional information security ontology that decomposes security into dimensional views.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: MDISOnt.owl
label: MDISOnt
mirror: MDISOnt.owl
project page: https://github.com/inesmeriah/MDISOnt
upstream source: MDISOnt.owl

Semantic Markup for Web Services
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: Nokia AND LicenseRef-W3C-Document-License
bibliographic citation: David Martin (ed.), Mark Burstein, Jerry Hobbs, Ora Lassila, Drew McDermott, Sheila McIlraith, Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Bijan Parsia, Terry Payne, Evren Sirin, Naveen Srinivasan, Katia Sycara. OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services. W3C Member Submission, 22 November 2004. https://www.w3.org/submissions/2004/SUBM-OWL-S-20041122/
description: An OWL ontology for describing Semantic Web services, enabling automated discovery, invocation and composition.
data dump: owl-s.ttl
label: OWL-S
project page: http://www.daml.org/services/owl-s/
upstream source: Service.owl

Security Ontology for Robotic Process Automation
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
redistribution status: withheld
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
bibliographic citation: Anastasiya Kurylets and Nikolaj Goranin, "Security Ontology OntoSecRPA for Robotic Process Automation Domain," Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 9, art. 5568, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/app13095568
description: A security ontology for Robotic Process Automation: assets, risks, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures.
label: OntoSecRPA
project page: https://github.com/oleferovich/-OntoSecRPA
upstream source: OntoSecRPA 2.owx

Ops (Operations) Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: GPL-3.0-only AND CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Ops (Operations) Ontology — a community OWL ontology for interoperability between the software-development and operations domains; the upstream project bundles a MITRE ATT&CK module that is not present in the DISO-merged artefact. Source: github.com/CDSRV/ops-ontology. No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified.
description: A cyber-security ontology focused on the operations domain.
data dump: ops-merged.ttl
label: Ops
project page: https://github.com/CDSRV/ops-ontology

Smart Applications REFerence ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: BSD-3-Clause
bibliographic citation: Daniele, L., den Hartog, F., and Roes, J. (2015). Created in Close Interaction with the Industry: The Smart Appliances REFerence (SAREF) Ontology. In: Cuel, R., Young, R. (eds) Formal Ontologies Meet Industry. FOMI 2015. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 225. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21545-7_9
description: A suite of reference ontologies for semantic interoperability across IoT domains.
license: BSD-3-Clause
data dump: saref.ttl
label: SAREF
mirror: saref.ttl
project page: https://saref.etsi.org/
upstream source: saref.ttl

Situation Awareness Core ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
bibliographic citation: Matheus, C. J., Kokar, M. M., & Baclawski, K. (2003). A core ontology for situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2003), pp. 545–552.
description: A domain-independent upper ontology for situation awareness.
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: SAWCore.owl
label: SAWCore
mirror: SAWCore.owl
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/SAWCore/
upstream source: SAWCore.owl

Smart City Ontology Framework
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: He, X.; Kuai, X.; Li, X.; Qiu, Z.; He, B.; Guo, R. Smart City Ontology Framework for Urban Data Integration and Application. Smart Cities 2025, 8(5), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8050165
description: A hierarchical ontology framework for integrating urban (smart-city) data across domains.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: SMOF.ttl
label: SMOF
project page: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SMOF_IJGIS_/24996683

SNORT Network Intrusion Detection ontologies
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13
description: Ontologies describing the SNORT intrusion detection and prevention system, its rules and its alerts.
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: snortMerged.ttl
label: SNORT
project page: https://www.snort.org/
upstream source: snort.ttl

Security Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
bibliographic citation: Herzog, A., Shahmehri, N., and Duma, C. (2007). An Ontology of Information Security. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP) 1(4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2007100101
description: A security ontology modelling assets, threats, vulnerabilities and countermeasures, with extension ontologies.
data dump: SOmerged.ttl
label: SO
project page: https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/adit/security/projects/secont/
upstream source: Security.owl

Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-1.0
bibliographic citation: Harry Chen, Filip Perich, Tim Finin, Anupam Joshi. "SOUPA: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications." Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (MobiQuitous 2004), IEEE, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBIQ.2004.1331732
description: A standard ontology for ubiquitous and pervasive applications: agents, time, space, events and policies.
license: CC-BY-1.0
data dump: soupa-merged.ttl
label: SOUPA
project page: https://cobra.umbc.edu/ontologies.html

Structured Threat Information eXpression (2.1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-OASIS-IPR-Policy-Non-Assertion-Mode
bibliographic citation: OASIS Cyber Threat Intelligence Technical Committee. STIX Version 2.1. Edited by Bret Jordan, Rich Piazza, and Trey Darley. OASIS Standard. 10 June 2021. https://docs.oasis-open.org/cti/stix/v2.1/os/stix-v2.1-os.html. (OWL binding: OASIS Threat Actor Context TC, tac-ontology, https://github.com/oasis-tcs/tac-ontology)
description: An OWL representation of the OASIS STIX 2.1 cyber-threat-intelligence specification.
data dump: stix-spec-merged.ttl
label: STIX
project page: https://github.com/oasis-tcs/tac-ontology
upstream source: stix-spec.owl

Situation Theory Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-NC-3.0
bibliographic citation: Kokar, M. M., Matheus, C. J., and Baclawski, K. (2009). Ontology-based situation awareness. Information Fusion, 10(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2007.01.004
description: An OWL formalisation of situation theory for situation awareness.
license: CC-BY-NC-3.0
data dump: STO.owl
label: STO
mirror: STO.owl
project page: https://vistology.com/ont/STO/STO.owl
upstream source: STO.owl

Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: GPL-3.0-only AND LicenseRef-IEEE-SUMO-License
bibliographic citation: Ian Niles and Adam Pease. 'Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.' In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2001), Ogunquit, Maine, USA, October 17–19, 2001. ACM. DOI: 10.1145/505168.505170.
description: The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology: a large formal upper ontology with linked domain ontologies.
data dump: SUMO.owl
label: SUMO
mirror: SUMO.owl
project page: https://www.ontologyportal.org/
upstream source: SUMO.owl

Security Assessment Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
redistribution status: withheld
spdx license expression: NOASSERTION
bibliographic citation: de Franco Rosa, F., Teixeira Junior, L.A.L., Bonacin, R., and Jino, M. (2020). SecAOnto: A Conceptual Model of Security Assessment. International Journal of Web Portals, 12(2), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWP.2020070104
description: An ontology for security assessment, at the intersection of security and software assessment.
label: SecAOnto
project page: https://github.com/ferruciof/Files/tree/master/SecAOnto
upstream source: SecAOnto V4.owl

Smart Home Environments Ontology (eCare@Home)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: LicenseRef-author-permission
bibliographic citation: Alirezaie, M., Hammar, K., Blomqvist, E., Nyström, M., and Ivanova, V. (2018). SmartEnv Ontology in E-care@home. In SSN 2018 — 9th Int. Semantic Sensor Networks Workshop (ISWC 2018), vol. 2213, pp. 72–79.
description: A smart-home environment ontology network (eCare@Home) covering time, geometry, events, sensing, situation and place.
data dump: SmartEnvMerged.ttl
label: SmartEnv
project page: http://ecareathome-ontology.mpi.aass.oru.se/
upstream source: smartenv.owl

ThinkHome Smart Home Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: Christian Reinisch, Mario J. Kofler, Félix Iglesias, Wolfgang Kastner. "ThinkHome Energy Efficiency in Future Smart Homes." EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, vol. 2011, Article ID 104617, 18 pp., 2011. DOI: 10.1155/2011/104617.
description: A smart-home ontology for home control and energy efficiency.
data dump: ThinkHomeMerged.ttl
label: ThinkHome
project page: https://www.auto.tuwien.ac.at/downloads/thinkhome/

Unified Cyber Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: Apache-2.0 AND CC-BY-3.0
bibliographic citation: Casey, E., Barnum, S., Griffith, R., Snyder, J., van Beek, H., and Nelson, A. (2018). The Evolution of Expressing and Exchanging Cyber-investigation Information in a Standardized Form. In: Biasiotti et al. (eds), Handling and Exchanging Electronic Evidence Across Europe. Springer. [Foundational CASE/UCO reference; UCO is a community project, github.com/ucoProject/UCO.]
description: A community ontology providing a consistent foundation for representing information across the cyber-security domain (UCO Project).
data dump: uco1-merge.ttl
label: UCO_1
project page: https://unifiedcyberontology.org/

Unified Cybersecurity Ontology (Syed et al.)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-SA-4.0
bibliographic citation: Zareen Syed, Ankur Padia, Tim Finin, Lisa Mathews, and Anupam Joshi. UCO: A Unified Cybersecurity Ontology. AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security (AICS), February 2016.
description: A semantic ontology extending STIX with cyber-security standards (Syed et al.).
license: CC-BY-SA-4.0
data dump: uco2.ttl
label: UCO_2
project page: https://github.com/Ebiquity/Unified-Cybersecurity-Ontology
upstream source: uco2.ttl

gUFO: lightweight Unified Foundational Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-4.0
bibliographic citation: João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi, Tiago Prince Sales, Ricardo A. Falbo. "gUFO: A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)". Version 1.0.0, 2019. Available: http://purl.org/nemo/doc/gufo. (A 2026 arXiv preprint expanding this work: Almeida et al., "gUFO: A Gentle Foundational Ontology for Semantic Web Knowledge Graphs", arXiv:2603.20948, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.20948)
description: A lightweight OWL 2 implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO).
license: CC-BY-4.0
data dump: gufo.ttl
label: gUFO
mirror: gufo.ttl
project page: https://nemo-ufes.github.io/gufo/
upstream source: gufo.ttl

mIO! Ontology Network (context for mobile environments)
type: NamedIndividual
type: MemberOntology
spdx license expression: CC-BY-3.0
bibliographic citation: Poveda-Villalón, M., Suárez-Figueroa, M. C., García-Castro, R., and Gómez-Pérez, A. (2010). A Context Ontology for Mobile Environments. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Context, Information and Ontologies (CIAO 2010), co-located with EKAW 2010, Lisbon, Portugal. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 626. ISSN 1613-0073. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-626/regular3.pdf
description: An ontology network representing user context for mobile environments: location, environment, services, devices and social information.
license: CC-BY-3.0
data dump: mIOmerged.ttl
label: mIO!
project page: https://oeg.fi.upm.es/index.php/en/ontologies/82-mio-ontologies/index.html