Preferred citation for each member ontology in the DISO collection, one row per ontology. Generated from the metadata network (metadata/diso-network.ttl, property dcterms:bibliographicCitation); regenerate with scripts/build-citations.py. Citations are bibliographic references only — no copyrighted abstracts are reproduced. For the ontologies retained under author correspondence (BOnSAI, IRIS, CoDAMoS, SO, SmartEnv) the preferred citation is the one supplied by the authors.
| # | Ontology | Cluster | Preferred citation | DOI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | OWL-S | agentic | David Martin (ed.), Mark Burstein, Jerry Hobbs, Ora Lassila, Drew McDermott, Sheila McIlraith, Srini Narayanan, Massimo Paolucci, Bijan Parsia, Terry Payne, Evren Sirin, Naveen Srinivasan, Katia Sycara. OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services. W3C Member Submission, 22 November 2004. https://www.w3.org/submissions/2004/SUBM-OWL-S-20041122/ | — |
| 2 | CoDAMoS | context-awareness | Preuveneers, D., Van den Bergh, J., Wagelaar, D., Georges, A., Rigole, P., Clerckx, T., Berbers, Y., Coninx, K., Jonckers, V., De Bosschere, K. (2004). Towards an extensible context ontology for ambient intelligence. In European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI 2004), pp. 148–159. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30473-9_15 | 10.1007/978-3-540-30473-9_15 |
| 3 | mIO! | context-awareness | Poveda-Villalón, M., Suárez-Figueroa, M. C., García-Castro, R., and Gómez-Pérez, A. (2010). A Context Ontology for Mobile Environments. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Context, Information and Ontologies (CIAO 2010), co-located with EKAW 2010, Lisbon, Portugal. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 626. ISSN 1613-0073. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-626/regular3.pdf | — |
| 4 | ATTACK | cyber-security | Kabul Kurniawan, Andreas Ekelhart, Elmar Kiesling. “An ATT&CK-KG for Linking Cybersecurity Attacks to Adversary Tactics and Techniques.” In ISWC 2021 Posters, Demos, and Industry Tracks, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2980, paper363. CEUR-WS.org, 2021. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2980/paper363.pdf | — |
| 5 | CAPEC | cyber-security | Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 | 10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 |
| 6 | CPE | cyber-security | Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 | 10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 |
| 7 | CVE | cyber-security | Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 | 10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 |
| 8 | CVSS | cyber-security | Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., & Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In C. Ghidini et al. (Eds.), The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 | 10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 |
| 9 | CWE | cyber-security | Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 | 10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 |
| 10 | D3FEND | cyber-security | Kaloroumakis, P. E. and Smith, M. J. (2021). Toward a Knowledge Graph of Cybersecurity Countermeasures. Technical Report Case 20-2034. The MITRE Corporation, Annapolis Junction, MD. Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Available: https://d3fend.mitre.org/resources/D3FEND.pdf (also indexed at DTIC accession AD1156977). | — |
| 11 | ICSA | cyber-security | Kurniawan, K., Kiesling, E., Winkler, D., and Ekelhart, A. (2024). The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 | 10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 |
| 12 | ICS-SEC-KG-ONTO | cyber-security | Kabul Kurniawan, Elmar Kiesling, Dietmar Winkler, Andreas Ekelhart. “The ICS-SEC KG: An Integrated Cybersecurity Resource for Industrial Control Systems.” In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2024, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15233, pp. 153–170. Springer, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 | 10.1007/978-3-031-77847-6_9 |
| 13 | ITIO | cyber-security | Costa, D., Albrethsen, M. J., Collins, M. L., Perl, S., Silowash, G., & Spooner, D. (2016). An Insider Threat Indicator Ontology. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2016-TR-007. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute. | — |
| 14 | Ops | cyber-security | Ops (Operations) Ontology — a community OWL ontology for interoperability between the software-development and operations domains; the upstream project bundles a MITRE ATT&CK module that is not present in the DISO-merged artefact. Source: github.com/CDSRV/ops-ontology. No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified. | — |
| 15 | SNORT | cyber-security | Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., and Ekaputra, F. (2019). The SEPSES Knowledge Graph: An Integrated Resource for Cybersecurity. In: The Semantic Web – ISWC 2019, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 | 10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13 |
| 16 | STIX | cyber-security | OASIS Cyber Threat Intelligence Technical Committee. STIX Version 2.1. Edited by Bret Jordan, Rich Piazza, and Trey Darley. OASIS Standard. 10 June 2021. https://docs.oasis-open.org/cti/stix/v2.1/os/stix-v2.1-os.html. (OWL binding: OASIS Threat Actor Context TC, tac-ontology, https://github.com/oasis-tcs/tac-ontology) | — |
| 17 | UCO_1 | cyber-security | Casey, E., Barnum, S., Griffith, R., Snyder, J., van Beek, H., and Nelson, A. (2018). The Evolution of Expressing and Exchanging Cyber-investigation Information in a Standardized Form. In: Biasiotti et al. (eds), Handling and Exchanging Electronic Evidence Across Europe. Springer. [Foundational CASE/UCO reference; UCO is a community project, github.com/ucoProject/UCO.] | — |
| 18 | UCO_2 | cyber-security | Zareen Syed, Ankur Padia, Tim Finin, Lisa Mathews, and Anupam Joshi. UCO: A Unified Cybersecurity Ontology. AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security (AICS), February 2016. | — |
| 19 | SAREF | digital-twins | Daniele, L., den Hartog, F., and Roes, J. (2015). Created in Close Interaction with the Industry: The Smart Appliances REFerence (SAREF) Ontology. In: Cuel, R., Young, R. (eds) Formal Ontologies Meet Industry. FOMI 2015. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 225. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21545-7_9 | 10.1007/978-3-319-21545-7_9 |
| 20 | IES | information-exchange | Ian Bailey, John Beverley, Helena Blackmore, Andreas Cola, Paul Cripps, Giacomo de Colle, Federico Donato, Amanda Hicks, David Limbaugh, Elena Milivinti, Chris Partridge, Rebecca Rafferty, Barry Smith. “Comparing Information Exchange Standard and Basic Formal Ontology Design Patterns.” In: The Joint Ontology Workshops (JOWO) — Episode XI, co-located with FOIS 2025, Catania, Italy, 8–12 September 2025. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 4176. | — |
| 21 | JC3IEDM | information-exchange | Matheus, C.J. & Ulicny, B. (2007). On the Automatic Generation of an OWL Ontology based on the Joint C3 Information Exchange Data Model. In Proceedings of the 12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS), Newport, RI, USA. | — |
| 22 | CordaSecOnt | information-security | Mubashar Iqbal and Raimundas Matulevičius, “Corda Security Ontology: Example of Post-Trade Matching and Confirmation”, Baltic Journal of Modern Computing, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 638–674, 2020. DOI: 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.4.11 | 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.4.11 |
| 23 | MDISOnt | information-security | Meriah, I., Ben Arfa Rabai, L., & Khedri, R. (2025). Building a comprehensive and multi-dimensional information security ontology: elicitation process and OWL implementation. Knowledge and Information Systems, 67(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02308-y | 10.1007/s10115-024-02308-y |
| 24 | OntoSecRPA | information-security | Anastasiya Kurylets and Nikolaj Goranin, “Security Ontology OntoSecRPA for Robotic Process Automation Domain,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 9, art. 5568, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/app13095568 | 10.3390/app13095568 |
| 25 | SecAOnto | information-security | de Franco Rosa, F., Teixeira Junior, L.A.L., Bonacin, R., and Jino, M. (2020). SecAOnto: A Conceptual Model of Security Assessment. International Journal of Web Portals, 12(2), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWP.2020070104 | 10.4018/IJWP.2020070104 |
| 26 | SO | information-security | Herzog, A., Shahmehri, N., and Duma, C. (2007). An Ontology of Information Security. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy (IJISP) 1(4): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2007100101 | 10.4018/jisp.2007100101 |
| 27 | CCO | mid-level | Mark Jensen, Giacomo De Colle, Sean Kindya, Cameron More, Alexander P. Cox, and John Beverley. “The Common Core Ontologies.” In Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference (FOIS 2024), Volume 394, pp. 47–58. IOS Press, 2024. DOI: 10.3233/FAIA241292 | 10.3233/FAIA241292 |
| 28 | IRIS | risk-management | Georgios Meditskos, Nick Bassiliades, Dimitris Vrakas, and Ioannis Vlahavas. 2012. IRISPortal: a semantic portal for industrial risk cases management. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS ‘12), Article 28, 1–8. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254164 | 10.1145/2254129.2254164 |
| 29 | CORA | robotics | Prestes, E., Carbonera, J. L., Fiorini, S. R., Jorge, V. A. M., Abel, M., Madhavan, R., Locoro, A., Gonçalves, P. J. S., Barreto, M. E., Habib, M. K., Chibani, A., Gérard, S., Amirat, Y., and Schlenoff, C. I. (2013). Towards a core ontology for robotics and automation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 61(11), 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.005 | 10.1016/j.robot.2013.04.005 |
| 30 | SAWCore | situation-awareness | Matheus, C. J., Kokar, M. M., & Baclawski, K. (2003). A core ontology for situation awareness. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2003), pp. 545–552. | — |
| 31 | SOUPA | situation-awareness | Harry Chen, Filip Perich, Tim Finin, Anupam Joshi. “SOUPA: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications.” Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (MobiQuitous 2004), IEEE, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/MOBIQ.2004.1331732 | 10.1109/MOBIQ.2004.1331732 |
| 32 | STO | situation-awareness | Kokar, M. M., Matheus, C. J., and Baclawski, K. (2009). Ontology-based situation awareness. Information Fusion, 10(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2007.01.004 | 10.1016/j.inffus.2007.01.004 |
| 33 | BOnSAI | smart-buildings | Thanos G. Stavropoulos, Dimitris Vrakas, Danai Vlachava, and Nick Bassiliades. 2012. BOnSAI: a smart building ontology for ambient intelligence. In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS ‘12), Article 30, 1–12. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2254129.2254166 | 10.1145/2254129.2254166 |
| 34 | BOT | smart-buildings | Rasmussen, M. H., Lefrançois, M., Schneider, G. F., & Pauwels, P. (2021). BOT: the Building Topology Ontology of the W3C Linked Building Data Group. Semantic Web, 12(1), 143–161. IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200385 | 10.3233/SW-200385 |
| 35 | BRICK | smart-buildings | Balaji, B., Bhattacharya, A., Fierro, G., Gao, J., Gluck, J., Hong, D., Johansen, A., Koh, J., Ploennigs, J., Agarwal, Y., Bergés, M., Culler, D., Gupta, R. K., Kjærgaard, M. B., Srivastava, M., and Whitehouse, K. (2018). Brick: Metadata schema for portable smart building applications. Applied Energy, 226, 1273–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.091 | 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.091 |
| 36 | IMF | smart-buildings | Information Modelling Framework (IMF) — an industry ontology/framework for facility asset modelling. Source: ns.imfid.org / github.com/imf-lab (IMF Manual). No associated peer-reviewed publication was identified. | — |
| 37 | CityOWL | smart-cities | Vinasco-Alvarez, D., Samuel, J., Servigne, S., and Gesquiere, G. (2024). Towards an Automated Transformation of an nD Urban Data Model to a Computational Ontology Network: From UML to OWL, From CityGML 3.0 to CityOWL. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, X-4/W4-2024, pp. 231-238. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W4-2024-231-2024 | 10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-W4-2024-231-2024 |
| 38 | SMOF | smart-cities | He, X.; Kuai, X.; Li, X.; Qiu, Z.; He, B.; Guo, R. Smart City Ontology Framework for Urban Data Integration and Application. Smart Cities 2025, 8(5), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8050165 | 10.3390/smartcities8050165 |
| 39 | SmartEnv | smart-homes | Alirezaie, M., Hammar, K., Blomqvist, E., Nyström, M., and Ivanova, V. (2018). SmartEnv Ontology in E-care@home. In SSN 2018 — 9th Int. Semantic Sensor Networks Workshop (ISWC 2018), vol. 2213, pp. 72–79. | — |
| 40 | ThinkHome | smart-homes | Christian Reinisch, Mario J. Kofler, Félix Iglesias, Wolfgang Kastner. “ThinkHome Energy Efficiency in Future Smart Homes.” EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, vol. 2011, Article ID 104617, 18 pp., 2011. DOI: 10.1155/2011/104617. | 10.1155/2011/104617 |
| 41 | BFO | upper-level | Otte, J.N., Beverley, J., and Ruttenberg, A. (2022). BFO: Basic Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220262 | 10.3233/AO-220262 |
| 42 | DOLCE | upper-level | Borgo, S., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Porello, D., Sanfilippo, E. M., & Vieu, L. (2022). DOLCE: A descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering. Applied Ontology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-210259 | 10.3233/AO-210259 |
| 43 | DUL | upper-level | Presutti, V. & Gangemi, A. (2016). Dolce+D&S Ultralite and its main ontology design patterns. In Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns: Foundations and Applications (Studies on the Semantic Web, vol. 25, pp. 81–103). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-81 | 10.3233/978-1-61499-676-7-81 |
| 44 | GFO | upper-level | Loebe, F., Burek, P., & Herre, H. (2022). GFO: The General Formal Ontology. Applied Ontology, 17(1), 71–106. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-220264 | 10.3233/AO-220264 |
| 45 | GFO-Bio | upper-level | Hoehndorf, R., Loebe, F., Poli, R., Herre, H., & Kelso, J. (2008). GFO-Bio: A biological core ontology. Applied Ontology, 3(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-2008-0055 | 10.3233/AO-2008-0055 |
| 46 | gUFO | upper-level | João Paulo A. Almeida, Giancarlo Guizzardi, Tiago Prince Sales, Ricardo A. Falbo. “gUFO: A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)”. Version 1.0.0, 2019. Available: http://purl.org/nemo/doc/gufo. (A 2026 arXiv preprint expanding this work: Almeida et al., “gUFO: A Gentle Foundational Ontology for Semantic Web Knowledge Graphs”, arXiv:2603.20948, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.20948) | 10.48550/arXiv.2603.20948 |
| 47 | SUMO | upper-level | Ian Niles and Adam Pease. ‘Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.’ In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2001), Ogunquit, Maine, USA, October 17–19, 2001. ACM. DOI: 10.1145/505168.505170. | 10.1145/505168.505170 |